List of Figures

1. Torospherical-bottom vessel used in present work.
2. Power number versus Reynolds number: power characteristics calculated from Nagata (1975) for different configurations examined for laboratory tank.
3. Power number versus Reynolds number: power characteristic calculated from Nagata (1975) and experimental points for laboratory tank with single beaver-tail baffle.
4. Power number versus Reynolds number: power characteristic calculated from Nagata (1975) and experimental points for laboratory tank with two beaver-tail baffles.
5. Power number versus Reynolds number: power characteristic calculated from Nagata (1975) and experimental points for laboratory tank with single finger baffle.
6. Front view of laboratory reactor.
7. Top view of laboratory reactor.
8. Impeller shape for laboratory reactor.
9. Boundary conditions for simulations.
10. Total force distribution on vessel wall and impeller.
11. Total force distribution on impeller.
12. Power number versus Reynolds number: computed results ($\circ$) and empirical correlations [equations from B.13 to B.15].
13. Power number versus Reynolds number: experimental data.
14. Comparison between computer simulations and experimental data. Computer simulations tend to overestimate data at low and high $Ne$.
15. Discharge Flow number and Circulation Flow number versus Reynolds number.
16. Pumping efficiency versus Reynolds number.
17. Front view of CE12500.
18. Top view of CE12500.
19. Detailed view of the bottom of CE12500.
20. Impeller shape for CE12500.
21. Boundary conditions for the simulations.
22. Velocity field and upflow: $Re=30$, $300$ and $Re=3000$.
23. Velocity field and upflow: $Re=3000$, $2 \cdot 10^5$ and $Re=3 \cdot 10^6$.
24. Shear (left) and Total force (right) distribution on impeller.
25. Total force distribution on baffle.
26. Power number versus Reynolds number: CE12500
27. Discharge Flow number and Circulation Flow number versus Reynolds number: CE12500.
28. Verification of scale-up: flow number calculated for laboratory and industrial size vessel lie on the same curve.
29. Pumping efficiency versus Reynolds number: CE 12500.
30. BE12500 equipped with turbofoil turbine.
31. Turbofoil Turbine: front view.
32. Turbofoil Turbine: top view.
33. Turbofoil Turbine.
34. Turbofoil Turbine: front view.
35. Boundary conditions for the simulations.
36. Total force distribution on upper (top) and lower (bottom) surface of turbofoil turbine.
37. Power number versus Reynolds number: BE12500
38. Discharge Flow number and Circulation Flow number versus Reynolds number: BE12500.
39. Comparison of discharge flow number for retreated curved blade impeller and turbofoil turbine.
40. Pumping efficiency versus Reynolds number: BE 12500.
41. Comparison of pumping efficiency for the retreated curved blade impeller and the turbofoil turbine.
42. Upflow regions for sections normal to the rotation axis: $v_z$ is upward directed in red regions. Section heights are $0.5$, $1.$, $1.5$ and $2.~m$ from cylindrical bottom.
43. Upflow profile along the rotation axis: evolution in time.
44. Azimuthal momentum variation through time.
45. Power consumption variation through time.
46. Power characteristic theoretically derived for laboratory vessel.
47. Power characteristic theoretically derived for CE12500.
48. Power characteristic theoretically derived for BE12500.
49. Power characteristics theoretically derived for CE12500 (retreated curved blade impeller) and BE12500 (turbofoil turbine).